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Flirting with Disaster

By Daniel Stone

This paper is made to fulfill final English Task

in the sixth semester of twelfth grade

Senior High School 1 Malang

Hasya Aghnia

XII Science 3 / 15620 /13

PUBLIC SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL 1

MALANG 2014

Chapter 1

Flirting with Disaster

By Daniel Stone

Newsweek Magazine; January 10&17, 2011; pages 28-29

Every few years the defenses of the nation’s nuclear plants are tested. What’s scary is how often they fail

In early 2009 a team of terrorists managed to enter a nuclear-power plant in the American South armed with machine guns and grenade launchers. After breaking through chain-link and barbed-wire gates, they battled with the plant’s guards. Those terrorists who weren’t killed were able to disable a critical component of the plant’s operating hardware. A meltdown of the reactor core looked imminent, as did the release of radioactive material from waste-storage pools located on-site. The surrounding area faced catastrophic fallout.

Everything up to that point actually happened—sort of. In reality, the attackers were a group of highly trained government operatives—including security consultants and military members on leave—posing as terrorists. Every three years, such teams “attack” each of the country’s 104 nuclear-power plants to find weak spots in security. The raids are carefully choreographed: plant managers are given two months’ notice to prepare the guards, and the intruders follow a prearranged script to evade them. Still, eight times out of roughly 100 attempts over the past five years, the mock terror teams have successfully broken through those defenses.

Government regulators insist that such failures are, in a way, intentional. The whole point is to find potential security holes and plug them. The Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), the federal agency that oversees the industry, insists that inspectors remain on-site until security systems are fixed, and that American nuclear plants are safer than ever. But industry watchdogs aren’t so sure. A growing number of plants are nearing the end of their operating lifetimes, and details about the security of existing facilities are classified. “The industry is hiding behind the 9/11 tragedy to withhold information—like which plants have failed tests and repairs that have been made—that should be available,” says David Lochbaum, a nuclear analyst with the Union of Concerned Scientists.

Worries are particularly acute because the nuclear-energy industry is experiencing a new era of growth. In his State of the Union address in 2010, President Obama asked Congress to consider nuclear power central to America’s pursuit of energy security. A month later he proposed $8 billion in loan guarantees to begin building a handful of new plants. “To meet our growing energy needs and prevent the worst consequences of climate change, we’ll need to increase our supply of nuclear power,” he told a warehouse full of hard hats in Lanham, Md., in mid-February. Leading Democrats, who have generally resisted an expansion of nuclear facilities on safety grounds, were slow to agree. Then, early last month, Energy Secretary Steven Chu agreed to classify nuclear as “clean energy” in hopes of wooing Republicans to pass an energy bill in 2011.

Advanced technology has virtually eliminated the risk of accidental meltdowns, like the one at Chernobyl in 1986, adding repetitive safeguards that allow the plant to shut itself down if operators can’t. The bigger problem is the highly radioactive waste that is left over once most of the energy-producing juice has been sucked out of it.

Used nuclear fuel looks like a bunch of black ceramic pellets—each about the size of a Tootsie Roll. They’re a mix of uranium, plutonium, and several minor chemicals, and give off about 750 degrees Fahrenheit of heat. The raw material can’t be held, or easily stolen to make a dirty bomb. But America’s current system for storing nuclear waste—in giant cool-water pools and dry casks of cement, at the individual nuclear plants—means that ready-made dirty bombs already exist. An intruder draining the water from the pools could cause it to self-ignite and spread radiation through the air.

In a broad sense, the waste problem isn’t going away for a very, very long time. Spent fuel produced today will remain dangerously radioactive for about 10 millennia, until the year 12011, according to William Hurt, a spent-fuel engineer with the Idaho National Laboratory. Of the half a dozen nuclear scientists NEWSWEEK spoke with for this story, none were completely content with the current system of storage.

Plant operators boast that their industry is the most secure in the world, period. Andy Kadak, a former president of the American Nuclear Society, an industry group, likens modern nuclear plants to “prisons.” Yet prison breaks still happen from time to time. And the security measures that are in place result in very little transparency. “We think in the end overall security is best achieved by keeping most of [our security information] protected,” says Gregory Jaczko, chairman of the NRC. Yet as the Gulf Coast oil spill showed, an industry out of public view can get sloppy.

After news surfaced in 2005 that nuclear plants were failing about half of all security tests, Congress required the NRC to increase inspections, and to make the intruder simulations more realistic. When inspectors from the International Atomic Energy Agency, the global body that oversees all nuclear development, visited the U.S. in October, they gave a thumbs up to the way the NRC operates, but noted that the industry had room for “continuous improvement.”

The improvement that many scientists favor is one that has been made elsewhere—including in China, France, Japan, Belgium, and the U.K. All have eliminated the need to store portions of used fuel. Instead, they reprocess the waste, a complex process that removes the remaining uranium from almost pure plutonium and other byproducts, and puts it back in the reactor to produce more power. “You’re actually destroying some waste by recycling it,” says Denis Beller, a nuclear engineer at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas.

Jimmy Carter nixed proposals for reprocessing in 1977 because he feared that isolating pure plutonium would lead to a proliferation of nuclear weapons globally. Now the rationale is economic: power from reprocessed fuel costs about 10 percent more than from new uranium (but it’s still a fraction of wind and solar costs). Christine Todd Whitman, the administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency under the second President Bush, says the investment is worth it. “We can do it,” she says, “and we should do it.”

For spent fuel that already exists, government engineers had considered Yucca Mountain, the desert expanse north of Las Vegas—dry, desolate, and not prone to natural disasters—the perfect location for a repository. But Obama, with input from Senate leaders including Nevada’s Harry Reid, canceled the plan last year in pursuit of something less risky than concentrating millions of pounds of waste in one place. A Department of Energy panel is currently researching other ideas, such as burying it in the oceans, shooting it into space, or finding a new repository somewhere else in the world. That site’s defenses, however, would need to be foolproof.

Chapter 2

Vocabulary parts

No	Words	Parts Of Speech	Synonym/Antonym/Description	Uses in Sentence
1 1.	Imminent	adjective	likely to occur at any moment (distant, remote)	Somehow the animals also seemed to know that disaster was imminent
2.	Catastrophic	adjective	disastrous event	If the rain is heavy, prolonged and falls over larger areas, the presence of   trees will not prevent catastrophic floods
3.	Intruders	verb	interfere ,to thrust or bring in without invitation, or permission	The walls are topped with electric sensors to warn of intruders
4.	Evade	verb	avoid	She sometimes uses humor to evade a sticky question
5.	Insists	verb	to be emphatic, firm, or resolute on some matter of desire	If she insists on your coming in, you should stay only a moment
6.	Withhold	verb	to hold back; restrain or check	But sometimes the bank should also withhold money from a government
7.	Proposed	verb	suggest, recommend	Public-private partnership proposed to develop pharmaceuticals.
8.	Guarantees	noun	a promise or assurance	They also have a cheerfulness about living without guarantees
9.	Warehouse	noun	a place where goods are stored prior to their use	To all warehouse workers get ready to go back to school and learn new skills.
10.	Wooing	verb	to seek the favor, affection, or love	Wooing must be difficult if you can't even be sure the other party is there
11.	Self ignite	verb	Start to burn self	The flammable gas that he’s trying to stop seems to be self ignite
12.	Repetitive	adjective	pertaining to or characterized by repetition	Something that is repetitive involves doing the same thing over and over again
13.	Casks	noun	a container made and shaped like a barrel	Beer in casks are managed carefully to allow some of the carbonation to escape
14.	Sloppy	adjective	muddy, slushy, or very wet	They appear sloppy and careless, but with a purpose
15.	Nixed	Noun, adverb	nothing	We stayed on the beach for hours but nixed  the idea of sleeping there
16.	Prone	adjective	disposed	Food is a basic human need and humans are prone to unusual behavior
17.	Repository	noun	place where things are deposited	Any little earthquake, or even random drilling, will rupture the repository and release the gas
18.	Burying	verb	inter, entomb, inhume	catfish can survive a temporary dry spell-by burying  themselves in mud
19.	foolproof	adjective	involving no risk or harm	If all that math was foolproof , after all, no one would need test pilots
20.	Proliferation	noun	Generation, reproduction	A membrane is formed by a proliferation of the remaining structure

 Chapter 4

Paragraph Analysis

Subject matter           : Science

Theme                                    :Disaster

Topic                          :Radioactive waste

Paragraph I

Main Idea        : Attack on nuclear power plant in the American South by terrorist

Support Idea   :

·         Disability of critical component of the plant’s operating hardware

·         Release radioactive material from waste storage pools located on-site

Keywords       : Nuclear, power plant, terrorist

Paragraph II

Main Idea        : How the attacker works

Support Idea   :

·         The member of the attacker are highly trained government operatives

·         The raids are carefully choreographed

Keywords       :Attack, trained, security

Paragraph III

Main Idea        :  Government’s attempt to solve the problem

Support Idea   :

·         The insist of inspector remain on site until security system is fixed

·         The industry are withholding information

Keywords       :Government, security

Paragraph IV

Main Idea        : Worries on a new era of nuclear energy growth

Support Idea   :

·         The need to increase American’s supply of nuclear power

·         The classification of nuclear energy as “clean energy by Energy Secretary”

Keywords       :Energy, growth, power

Paragraph V

Main Idea        : Challenge in nuclear energy plant

Support Idea   :

·         The risk of accidental meltdown

·         The highly radioactive waste

Keywords       :Radioactive, waste

Paragraph VI

Main Idea        : The danger of used nuclear fuel

Support Idea   :

·         American current system for storing nuclear waste make it ready made dirty bomb

Keywords       :Nuclear fuel, waste, system

Paragraph VII

Main Idea        : a long term problem of nuclear waste

Support Idea   :

·         Today spent fuel will remain dangerous till 12011

·         None of the nuclear scientist content with the current system of storage

Keywords       :Waste, dangerous

Paragraph VIII

Main Idea        : Lack of security on nuclear energy plant

Support Idea   :

·         Lack of transparency and security measure

·         Plan to keep all the information in nuclear energy plant keep secret

Keywords       :Security, transparency

Paragraph IX

Main Idea        : NCR increasing inspections on nuclear plants

Support Idea   :

·         Many nuclear plants fail half of all security test

·         There is still space for the industry to improve

Keywords       :Inspections, test, increasing

Paragraph X

Main Idea : The improvement of nuclear industry

Support Idea :

·         By recycling the fuel used into new power of nuclear

Keywords       :Improve, recycle

Paragraph XI

Main Idea        : Reasons using reprocessed fuel in nuclear industry

Support Idea   :

·         Economic consideration that it cost cheaper

·         Environmental consideration

Keywords       :Reprocess, cost

Paragraph XII

Main Idea : Appropriate waste disposal for spent fuel

Support Idea :

·         Plan to build repository in Yucca Mountain

·         Idea to separate it for less risky

Keywords       :Repository, spent fuel

Chapter 5

Text Discussion

Explicit questions

1.      What is the bigger problem of using nuclear?

Ø  The bigger problem is the highly radioactive waste that is left over once most of the energy producing juice has been sucked out of it and dangerously for very long time

2.      What is America’s current system for storing nuclear waste?

Ø  The American storing nuclear in giant cool water pools and dry casks of cement, at the individual nuclear plants

3.      What is the composition of nuclear?

Ø  They’re a mix of uranium, plutonium, and several minor chemicals, and give off about 750 degrees Fahrenheit of heat

4.      How does reprocess the waste to produce more power?

Ø  A complex process that removes the remaining uranium from almost pure plutonium and other byproducts and puts it back in the reactor

5.      What the department of energy ideas to put the waste?

Ø  A department of  Energy panel is currently researching other ideas, such as burying it in the ocean, shooting it into space, or finding a new repository somewhere else in the world

Implicit questions

1.      What is the purpose of the text?

Ø  The text tell about the danger of nuclear power plant and its sewage system in America. This text tell about the problem and the solution on it, though it is still no solution on it

2.      How is the writer organized the text ?

Ø  From the very beginning the writer is very skeptical about the nuclear power, The writer tries to raise the reader’s attention by giving examples of the danger of nuclear power. Then the writer describes what the government do about it. In the middle of the text, the writer raise another problem related to the sewage of the nuclear power plant. None in the text does the writer tell about the benefit of the nuclear power

3.      Do you agree with statement saying that  reprocessing can cause  proliferation of  nuclear weapon globally?

Ø  Yes, I am so afraid that it will be like that, so in my opinion reprocessing should be banned

4.      The last sentence. What does it mean ?

Ø  It means that ideas  such as burying it  in the oceans, shooting it into space or finding a new repository somewhere in the world can be done after we already find the bad things and be able to recover it

5.      Why the writer make a comparison between nuclear power plant and prison

Ø  The writer want to build understanding about the possibility to the leak on nuclear power plant as what happen in prison break

Comments

This text has an interesting title and picture, that is the first reason why I want to analyze it. In the first part of the text, the writer gives cases related with nuclear – power plants in America. The writer is little bit skeptical if I can have my comment on it. The writer talks more about the negative point of nuclear power rather than its benefit. The case is about the use of nuclear power plant by terrorist to make a catastrophic attack to people around the plant. This catastrophic attack is not a by no means attack, it is well planned by the terrorist and using a well trained people to do it.

            This event make American government more alert about the nuclear power.  The nuclear regulatory agency insist that inspector remain on site until security system are fixed and that American nuclear power are safer than ever. But in 2010 President Barract Obama  asked Congress to  consider nuclear power central to America’s pursuit of energy security and then later energy secretary classify nuclear as clean energy in hopes of wooing republicans to pass energy bill in 2011.

In the next part of the text, the writer discuss about the problem of nuclear energy is that the highly radioactive waste  that is left over once most the energy producing juice has been sucked out of it. American current system for storing nuclear waste which is in giant cooling water pools and dry cement is very dangerous. It is like already made dirty bomb that can be used by intruder by draining the water from the pools would cause it self ignite and spread radioactive through the air. In broad sense, the waste problem isn’t going away for a very, very long time.

In the last part of the text, the writer discuss about how American deal with this waste of nuclear power. First trial proposed was reprocessing of the nuclear energy waste. Yet, it is still controversial. The reprocessing, in term of economic, will make the cost cheaper but there was after that isolating pure plutonium would lead to proliferation of nuclear weapon globally. The second option is by considering Yucca Mountain as perfect location for a repository, but it was also cancelled to the high risk of concentrating millions of pounds of waste in one place.

This text is really opening my mind about the bad effect of nuclear energy, I never imagine that restoring the nuclear waste would be so difficult and risky. Reading this article, I my self think that we should not use this kind of energy. I am sure that we have to look for alternative energy to fulfill the energy needed by people, but there are so many energy in this world instead of nuclear one. So it will be very wise not to do it. It is dangerous and even its waste if not properly treated become more dangerous than its energy itself.

Gaining new knowledge about nuclear energy is only part of advantage I got from this text, I also learn English more and the most important thing is that this text teach me how to read critically. Those especially authorities should read this article before making any policy related to nuclear energy plant.

Chapter 6

Translation

Those terrorists who weren’t killed were able to disable a critical component of the plant’s operating hardware.

Teroris yang tidak terbunuh mampu menonaktifkan komponen penting dari perangkat keras.

In reality, the attackers were a group of highly trained government operatives—including security consultants and military members on leave—posing as terrorists.

Kenyataanya para penyerang adalah kelompok koperasi pemerintah yang sangat terlatih – termasuk konsultan keamanan dan mantan anggota militer yang berposisi sebagai teroris.

Still, eight times out of roughly 100 attempts over the past five years, the mock terror teams have successfully broken through those defenses.

Namun, delapan dari sekitar 100 kali usaha selama lima tahun terakhir, tim teror telah berhasil menembus pertahanan mereka.

Then, early last month, Energy Secretary Steven Chu agreed to classify nuclear as “clean energy” in hopes of wooing Republicans to pass an energy bill in 2011.

Kemudian, awal bulan lalu, Menteri Energi Steven Chu setuju untuk mengklasifikasikan nuklir sebagai "energi bersih" dengan harapan merayu Partai Republik untuk lulus tagihan energi pada tahun 2011.

The bigger problem is the highly radioactive waste that is left over once most of the energy-producing juice has been sucked out of it.

Masalah yang lebih besar adalah limbah radioaktif yang tersisa setelah sebagian besar cairan yang  menghasilkan energi telah tersedot keluar darinya.

The raw material can’t be held, or easily stolen to make a dirty bomb.

Bahan baku tidak dapat ditemukan, atau mudah dicuri untuk membuat bom licik.

In a broad sense, the waste problem isn’t going away for a very, very long time.

Secara luas, masalah limbah tidak akan pergi untuk waktu yang sangat lama.

And the security measures that are in place result in very little transparency.

Dan tindakan keamanan yang berada di tempat menghasilkan sedikit kelemahan.

After news surfaced in 2005 that nuclear plants were failing about half of all security tests, Congress required the NRC to increase inspections, and to make the intruder simulations more realistic.

Setelah berita muncul pada tahun 2005 bahwa pembangkit nuklir yang gagal sekitar setengah dari semua tes keamanan, Kongres mewajibkan  NRC untuk meningkatkan inspeksi, dan untuk membuat simulasi penyusup lebih nyata.

A Department of Energy panel is currently researching other ideas, such as burying it in the oceans, shooting it into space, or finding a new repository somewhere else in the world.

Departemen panel energy saat ini sedang meneliti ide ide lain, seperti memendam di lautan, menembak ke luar angkasa, atau menemukan tempat penyimpanan baru di tempat lain di dunia.